Cancer screening: the checks worth knowing about

Screening tests are offered to people who feel well, to find changes early. Two of the most important for women are cervical and breast screening.

Cervical screening

Cervical cancer is strongly linked to persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Screening finds abnormal cells before they ever become cancer, which is why it saves lives.

Methods available include HPV testing, cervical cytology (a smear), and visual inspection with acetic acid, which gives an immediate result in many clinics. The test takes a few minutes. It can feel uncomfortable but should not be painful. Ask what is available locally and how often you should repeat it.

HPV vaccination

HPV vaccination protects against the types of the virus most associated with cervical cancer, and is given to girls before they are likely to be exposed. Vaccination does not remove the need for screening later, since it does not cover every type.

Breast awareness and screening

Knowing how your breasts normally look and feel makes changes easier to notice. Check at a similar point in your cycle each month. See a clinician about:

• A new lump or thickening in the breast or armpit
• A change in size or shape
• Skin dimpling, puckering or redness
• A nipple that becomes pulled in, or discharge, especially if bloodstained
• Persistent pain in one area

Most breast changes are not cancer, but they should all be assessed. Clinical breast examination and, where indicated, ultrasound or mammography are used depending on age and findings.

Do not wait for symptoms

By definition, screening is for people without symptoms. If you already have a symptom, you need assessment rather than screening, and it should not be delayed.

Other checks worth discussing

Depending on your age, family history and risk factors, a clinician may also recommend blood pressure, diabetes, cholesterol, hepatitis B or colorectal checks. Family history matters: tell your clinician if close relatives had cancer, and at what age.

If you are nervous

Fear of what might be found keeps many people away. Early detection almost always means simpler treatment and better outcomes. You can ask for a female clinician, bring someone with you, and have each step explained before it happens.